1/18/2024 0 Comments Sos online backup update fails![]() ![]() Some ransomware deletes all the data on a computer even after the ransom is paid. The hackers must provide users with encrypted keys to unlock the files, and they don't always comply. To make matters worse, in many instances, those who pay the ransom still don't regain control of their machines. The incident forced clinics to shut down and halted surgeries throughout the UK. The previously mentioned NHS attack - as well as thousands of other attacks around the world - was a ransomware attack. Hackers demand individuals or organizations pay a ransom to restore access to their files. Ransomware blocks end-users from accessing files and software applications on their computers. – This approach can also be a lifesaver if someone steals your computer or device, as you can replace the device and download the files from the external storage to the new device.Ĭybercriminals have become increasingly bold when it comes to infecting computers with a type of malicious software called ransomware. Creating and storing frequent backups on physically remote devices provides the peace of mind you need when trusting machines with your valuable information. If you've ever had a computer die on you unexpectedly, you understand the frustration that goes along with it. Additionally, at the end of the workday, creating an automatic "mirror" of the computer's storage provides additional insurance that you can recover data quickly when necessary. The best protection against this sort of error is backup software that makes incremental copies of open files. That sinking feeling you get when you realize your mistake can only be assuaged by recovering the files. Sometimes users - and even IT administrators - accidentally press the delete button on a file or directory. The three most significant risks to computer files are: Sony Pictures experienced a similar lockdown that negatively impacted their business in 2014. ![]() In the spring of 2017, the National Health Services (NHS) of the United Kingdom had their operations compromised by malware that made files inaccessible. In some cases, companies that can't access their files due to accidental or malicious causes are unable to continue operating. Many companies rely on computers to run their entire operations: finance, human resources, payroll, sales, marketing, and more. Organizations that don't backup their files - particularly their financial records - risk damaging their businesses, perhaps to the point of losing them. For individuals, the loss of personal financial records, important documents, and irreplaceable photographs leads to a great deal of stress and disappointment. Who Should Backup Files?Īll individuals and organizations risk permanently losing important data if they don't backup their files. Creating backups is a critical step in computer maintenance to protect your data in the event of system failure or file corruption. A file backup occurs when you store copies of your critical system and personal files on a hard drive or auxiliary storage device, such as an external backup or flash drive. ![]()
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1/18/2024 0 Comments Halo movies in order![]() It follows the adventures of Captain Christopher Pike, Spock, and Number One aboard the USS Enterprise. Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (Year: 2259) You'll also find several Star Trek decor ideas in this series! 4. It even showed Michael and her crew embark on a one-way trip to the furthest distance ever. While in the second Star Trek Discovery season, she and her crew had to chase The Red Angel, a mysterious entity. In the first Star Trek Discovery season, Michael and her crew dealt with a galaxy on the brink of war. Burnham is the USS Discovery NCC-1031’s science specialist. This is the first series to feature Michael Burnham, an officer, as the main character. The Star Trek: Discovery seasons 1-2 is next on our list. Star Trek: Discovery seasons 1-2 (Year: 2255) The episode explores themes of humanity, morality, and the potential of space exploration. It follows Captain Christopher Pike and the crew of the starship USS Enterprise as they encounter a powerful alien race that can create lifelike illusions. "Star Trek: The Cage" is a one-off pilot episode of the original series of Star Trek, set in the year 2254. Looking for a cool birthday party idea? Playing the Star Trek Enterprise will make your Trekkie guests go wild! 2. Star Trek: The Cage – The Original Series one-off pilot episode (Year: 2254) The Star Trek series also began the involvement of humans in the Temporal Cold War when they first encountered the Star Trek aliens in Cabal. ![]() They had their first contact with several Star Trek alien staples. When Earth Starfleet launched its first starship, Archer took his human crew deep into space. Its story revolves around the Earth’s first-ever warp five capable ships, the USS Enterprise NX-01, captained by Captain Jonathan Archer. Based on the Star Trek timeline, this series is the earliest by timeline. The Star Trek: Enterprise is a prequel to The Original Series. *Films are in italics Star Trek Chronological Viewing Order 1. Star Trek films 7-10: Generations up to Nemesis.Yes! Paramount+ released the latest trailer for Halo on March 14, and it shows intense combat in a bleak future.As a devoted Star Trek fan who has ventured into the captivating depths of the franchise, I'll gladly share my ultimate guide on how to watch Star Trek in order.įollow along as we navigate through the series, episode by episode, and prepare for an out-of-this-world journey through the cosmos! Let's get started! Quick Viewing Order Jen Taylor will also be reprising her role as Cortana, the holographic AI that aids Master Chief on his missions. Rounding out the rest of the main cast are Natascha McElhone ( Californication), Bokeem Woodbine ( Fargo), Shabana Azmi ( Fire), Natasha Culzac ( The Witcher), Olive Gray ( Half Moon Investigations), Yerin Ha ( Reef Break), Bentley Kalu ( Avengers: Age of Ultron), Kate Kennedy ( Catastrophe), Charlie Murphy ( Peaky Blinders), and Danny Sapani ( Penny Dreadful). Our mysterious Master Chief will be played by Pablo Schreiber ( Orange is the New Black, American Gods) and yes, it’s been confirmed that the action star will be removing his helmet for the first time. “The things you see and hear are all familiar and grounded in the spirit of the core themes of Halo - hope, heroism, humanity, wonder - while giving space for the story to develop in a way it needs to for the medium.” WHO’S IN THE HALO CAST? “The intent of the Silver Timeline is to allow to be founded in canon,” producer Kiki Wolfkill told Inverse. Paramount+ unveils new movies and TV shows at midnight Pacific, which is 3 a.m. Halo enters Earth’s drop zone on Thursday, March 24, exclusively on Paramount+ in the United States and Canada. ![]() Let’s charge into the fray and see what’s in store for Halo’s small-screen debut. Now, after nearly a decade, Halo is storming onto Paramount+ this week with its power armor fully charged, a more realistic looking Cortana delivering sage advice, and a new tagalong character for Master Chief that might surprise dedicated fans. The software titan has been trying to capitalize on the popularity of its hit game series starring the enigmatic Master Chief and his fellow Spartan super-soldiers since 2013.ĭue to setbacks from the enormous cost required to bring the sci-fi saga to life, the TV project that began life with Steven Spielberg’s Amblin Entertainment went through various iterations before almost being left for dead. It feels like an eternity since we first got word of a live action project based on Microsoft’s epic first-person shooter, Halo. ![]() 1/18/2024 0 Comments Play apex legends on geforce now![]() ![]() Dynamic Spot Shadows: Disabled / Enabled.Display Mode: Full screen / Windowed / Borderless Window. ![]() ![]() Color Blind Mode: Off / Protanopia / Deuteranopia / Tritanopia.Ambient Occlusion: Disabled / Low / Medium / High.Adaptive Supersampling: Disabled / Enabled.Adaptive Resolution FPS Target: 0 (off) - 100 (requires TSAA when Enabled).We have a whole suite of options available just for you PC folks out there: PC Options Having all the best specs is great, but you still want control over the look and performance of your game. GPU: Nvidia GeForce GTX 970 / AMD Radeon R9 290.While players with the minimum specifications will be able to play Apex Legends just fine, those looking to get the best possible experience will want to ensure they meet our recommended specs for smooth 60fps gameplay. HARD DRIVE: Minimum 22 GB of free spaceĪPEX LEGENDS RECOMMENDED SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GT 640 / Radeon HD 7730.CPU: Intel Core i3-6300 3.8GHz / AMD FX-4350 4.2 GHz Quad-Core Processor.This game includes optional in-game purchases of virtual currency that can be used to acquire virtual in-game items, including a random selection of virtual in-game items. Apex Legends PC System Requirements - Official EA SiteĪbout Apex Legends Legends Maps Lore Hub FAQ PC Requirements Credits Accessibility Battle Royale Team Deathmatch Control Gun Run Season Battle Pass Latest News Game Updates Latest Media Sign up for News Twitter Instagram Facebook Youtube Twitch Forums Cosplay Guides Compete Community Guidelines About Apex Legends Legends Maps Lore Hub FAQ PC Requirements Credits Accessibility Battle Royale Team Deathmatch Control Gun Run Season Battle Pass Latest News Game Updates Latest Media Sign up for News Twitter Instagram Facebook Youtube Twitch Forums Cosplay Guides Compete Community Guidelines ![]() 1/18/2024 0 Comments Best jdm rx7 fc![]() ![]() This means that the cars imported and sold by JDM Sport Classics will not only be exciting, beautiful, and fun to drive, they’ll also be safe and, importantly, reliable for years to come. JDM cars were built exclusively for the Japanese market, meaning they had to adhere to strict build quality regulations and pass multiple inspections. If you’ve ever bought a Honda or Toyota in Florida, you know these cars are famous for their reliability and lifespan. Our JDM Vehilcels Are Built With High Standards Some of the classic cars we offer include Subaru Impreza WRX, Nissan Skyline, Mazda RX7, Nissan GTR, Toyota Hilux, Mitsubishi GTO, Mazda Eunos Roadster, Nissan Pulsar, Honda NSX, Toyota Celica GT4, and many more. Japanese Domestic Market, or JDM, refers to cars built and sold only in Japan-we find these cars, ensure their reliability, and import them legally so you too can enjoy these retro, customized, RHD cars. We hunt them down using our extensive list of contacts all over Japan, check them to ensure they meet our exacting standards, and arrange all the details to import them to the United States and deliver them to your door. Located in Three Rivers, Michigan, but serving the continental United States, JDM focuses on finding the best quality, lowest mileage retro Japanese sports cars and bringing them to the US. ![]() JDM Sport Classics specializes in the identification, import, and sale of premium Japanese Domestic Market cars, trucks and vans. At JDM Sport Classics we understand that love-it’s why we started importing Japanese cars-and will do everything we can to help you track down and purchase your dream Japanese classic sports car. Maybe you grew up watching the World Rally Championship and fell head over heels for the Toyota Celica GT-Four WRC, or saw Paul Walker street racing a Nissan R34 Skyline GT-R in 2 Fast 2 Furious either way, the love for Japanese domestic market sports cars runs deep. Are you Looking For JDM Imports in Florida? ![]() 1/18/2024 0 Comments Best telescope images![]() The price of a telescope is determined by its number of accessories, magnifying power, and build quality. We made sure that every telescope on our list came with a smartphone adapter. This makes it much easier to share your discoveries with your friends online. Smartphone adapterĪ smartphone adapter is a handy feature as it allows you to take pictures through your telescope. Plus, it makes finding exactly what you’re looking for much easier. Using this handy accessory will make your astronomy experience much more fun. It also helps you better align the telescope with an object once you’ve found it. This less powerful scope placed above the telescope makes it much easier to find planets, asteroids, or other stellar objects. We made sure that each telescope on our list featured a finderscope. How We Chose the Top Telescopes Finderscope To check if a telescope is portable or not, read through the customer review section on its product page. This way, you can get the best night sky view without having someone’s porch light obscuring the view of a planet or star. You want to be able to take your telescope with you while going on a camping trip or to rural areas with less light pollution. Portability is an often overlooked factor when it comes to telescopes, but it’s just as important. You can find the magnification power range of a telescope in the product description. A good telescope should have a minimum magnification power of 15x.Ī high magnification power allows you to enjoy stargazing or observing wildlife from far away with a clear and detailed view without experiencing any blurring. The higher the magnification power is, the larger an object will appear. The first thing to check when buying a telescope is its magnification power. What To Look for When Buying a Telescope? Magnification power Generally, a focal length between 300 millimeters to 700 millimeters should be strong enough for casual stargazing. Focal length is stated in the product description in millimeters. The focal length of a telescope is another important aspect that usually influences the length of the telescope’s tube. You can usually find the aperture of a telescope in its product description. You can also find apertures of up to 10 meters in very expensive telescopes. Normally, telescopes designed for casual stargazing have an aperture of around 70 millimeters. A larger aperture means that you get a brighter and clearer view to look at while stargazing. The aperture of a telescope is the main lens’s diameter. ![]() Some Telescope Related Terms Explained Aperture To help you make better sense of these key considerations, we’ve put together this handy buying guide. There are several factors you need to consider when buying a telescope, such as its magnifying power and portability. To help you better navigate the market, here’s a guide to buying one of the leading telescopes of 2023. These optical instruments come in a variety of sizes and designs. Who knows, maybe you can discover a comet of your own and name it after yourself!īut buying a quality telescope from the thousands of options available online is no easy task. ![]() Today, anyone can get their own telescope and see planets, comets, asteroids, galaxies, and nebulas right from their backyard. Ever since then, this technical innovation has been at the forefront of space exploration. The first telescope was created in 1608 in the Netherlands. All you need is a beginner or professional level telescope of your own. Did you know that most of the comets are discovered by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, which is basically a telescope made for observing the sun? This technological marvel discovers comets as a side hobby! The good news is you can add your name to the list of discoverers by adopting astronomy as a hobby. ![]() 1/18/2024 0 Comments California santa cruz university![]() ![]() The Financial Aid office can assist AB 540 students with questions about loans. Regent's Fellowships, as determined by graduate departments Eugene Cota-Robles Fellowships, as awarded by Graduate Division Chancellor's Fellowships, as awarded by Graduate Division Dissertation Year Fellowships, as awarded by Graduate Division.ĪB 540 applicants are also encouraged to contact Ana Navarrete in The AB 540 Student Services Program for information about scholarship opportunities. Do you expect to be awarded Permanent Resident status in the United States prior to September 24? Noįellowships available to AB 540 graduate students includes any support offered through state funding.In what country do you hold citizenship?. ![]() Are you a Permanent Resident (Green Card holder) of the United States of America? No.Are you a citizen of the United States? No.Upon admission, they can choose to file the AB 540 tuition exemption form (pdf) with the Registrar's Office to be considered for the in-state exemption.Īpplicants should answer the residency questions in the application accurately: application-fee AB540 Graduate ApplicantsĪpplicants who meet AB 540 requirements will initially be classified as non-resident, international applicants. We require one adult chaperone for every 15 students, and the chaperone is required to stay with the group for the entire tour. Group sizes can range from 6 to a maximum of 75 guests (including chaperones). To apply for a Fee Exemption: Navigate to the Payment section of the application, choose "Fee Exemption" and click "Next Step." Complete the information on the following page and click "Save Answer." Explore University of California Santa CruzTorch Lite Inn at the Beach BoardwalkHotel SolaresDream Inn Santa CruzOcean Pacific LodgeNational 9 MotelBeach Street Inn and SuitesDrift. Group tours are offered to high schools, community colleges, and other groups that work with prospective students. UC LEADS (University of California Leadership Excellence through Advanced Degrees).SURF-IT (Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship in Information Technology).SURF (Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship).STEPS Institute (Science, Technology, Engineering, Policy and Society).SACNAS (Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science).MIRT (Minority Biomedical Research Training Program).MBRS/IMSD (Minority Biomedical Research Support/Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity).MARC (Minority Access to Research Careers).LSAMP (Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation).Diversity Forum (The California Forum for Diversity in Graduate Education).CfAO-RIM (Center for Adaptive Optics - Research Internships on the Mainland).CBSE-RMI (Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering - Research Mentoring Institute).CAMP (California Alliance for Minority Participation).ABRCMS (Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students).Graduate Application Fee Waiverįee Exemptions: Fee exemptions are available for applicants who participate in a qualifying program, listed below: Fifty-two years later, the campus is home to nearly 17,577 undergraduates and 1,880 graduate students. ![]() 1/18/2024 0 Comments Indigo bunting male and female![]() ![]() ![]() The diet of the indigo bunting is insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female. The sun hit this indigo bunting just right making the bird appear much brighter and more turquoise than its typical dark blue. The male displays brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. As their name implies, male Indigo Buntings feature a bright blue color overall. The male is a vibrant blue in the summer and a brown color during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. Indigo Buntings are sexually dimorphic, which means male and female birds don’t look alike. The indigo bunting is a small bird, with a length of 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5 in). The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Breeding male Female/immature male Breeding male Open Woodlands Insects Nesting Foliage Gleaner Conservation The all-blue male Indigo Bunting sings with cheerful gusto and looks like a scrap of sky with wings. Its range is from southern Canada to northern Florida during the breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. The indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea, is a small seed-eating bird. If you have bird images, video or mp3 files that you'd like to share with a large and (mostly) appreciative international audience here at The Guardian, feel free to contact me to learn more.Summer-only range Migratory range Winter-only range You are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page. Visit TheMusicOfNature's YouTube channel.įor those of you who have been paying attention, you've seen this species several times before in these pages: here is an adult female and here is an immature male of the species. This individual was recorded singing in Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky (good listeners can hear regional variations in indigo bunting song): The mnemonic device used to remember the indigo bunting's song goes like this: sweet, sweet, chew, chew, see-it, see-it or like this: Fire, fire! Where, where? Here, Here! Put-it-out, put-it-out! These two species also can be distinguished by their songs and call notes. Even though these two species' ranges overlap, and their preferred habitats are similar, indigo buntings prefer brushy forest edges, open deciduous woods, second growth woodland, and farmlands in more mountainous areas whereas grosbeaks are more likely to be found in brushy habitat on coastal plains. Both male and female blue grosbeaks have noticeably heavier bills than indigo buntings. Less well-known than its bunting family members, the indigo bunting, lazuli bunting and painted bunting, the male varied bunting is just as stunning. Looking for ID Help Get Instant ID help for 650+ North American birds. But blue grosbeaks are larger in size, have a small black area around the bill, darker blue plumage and chestnut-brown epaulettes. After breeding season the males loose their brilliant plumage, and look more like the females.Īdult male indigo buntings may be confused with male blue grosbeaks, Passerina caerulea. The female and young are dull brown with small amounts of blue in the tail, and shoulders, and blurred wing bars. ![]() Young males become bluer with each successive moult (as they age). Adult male indigo buntings in breeding plumage actually have black feathers, but thanks to the diffraction of light by the feather structure, they appear to be a brilliant blue, a colour that changes from black to blue to turquoise as the angle of reflected light changes. This species is strongly sexually dichromatic. This is small finch (Cardinalidae) mainly eats insects in the summer and seeds in the winter, as is evident from their small multi-purpose conical bill. Response: This gorgeous mystery bird is an adult male indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea. I also have a thought question for you, one that doesn't have an answer, so far as I know: why are there so few species of birds that are blue? Question: This stunning North American mystery bird is fairly easy to identify, so I am interested to learn which field marks you used to distinguish this species from other blue bird species in North America. Image: Joseph Kennedy, 14 April 2007 (with permission). Adult male indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea (formerly Cyanospiza cyanea and Loxia cyanea protonym, Tanagra cyanea), also known as the indigo painted finch, the indigo finch and the indigo bird, photographed at Quintana Neotropical Bird Sanctuary, Brazoria County, Texas (USA). ![]() ![]() ![]() And, more specifically, even if she could, she’d not dare change a thing about her experiences on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Even if she could re-imagine her life and career in an alternate universe, she wouldn’t pull the trigger on making it a reality. Yet they all, or most of them, seem very friendly to each other at conventions and have great fun. I know that Alaimo and Combs are neighbors in addition to being good friends, but in some other cases, people live far apart and are busy doing other stuff. It's happened to me even with close friends or relatives, physical proximity is quite an important factor in staying in touch. Yes, most of them have drifted apart, but it usually happens when people go on to do other stuff, move to other cities or even countries/continents. It's a big cast, they can't all be close to each other, but generally, it seems that most of the actors were the closest with people they worked with the most, which makes sense. I know that Rene and Nana were/are very good friends Rene and Armin seem to be very good friends and have great fun at conventions Siddig has said he was good friends with Colm Meaney and Andy Robinson (who was also, according to IMDB, godfather to Sid and Nana's son Django) Alaimo, Combs and Biggs seem to be quite close Aron Eisenberg said that Cirroc Lofton didn't realize Aron was quite older than him until he saw him without makeup but by that time they were already good friends. ![]() But other cast members have said that Brooks was very nice and gracious to everyone on the set. The only time I've ever heard anything about someone not getting along was a few months ago when someone here on the forum said that Michael Dorn allegedly thought Avery Brooks was "too serious". Who didn't get along with whom? Which interviews supposedly indicate this? Everything I've ever read indicates the opposite, and when you see them at conventions, they seem very friendly and happy to see each other (no, I haven't been at conventions, but I've read lots of reports and seen videos). ![]() ![]() ![]() In the event battery begins to balloon, swell, smoke, or become very hot, immediately disconnect the power to home or office from the circuit breaker. Do not expose battery to direct sunlight. Do not use battery or devices that appear damaged. Always have a fire extinguisher in an event of a fire. Always use a fire resistant container or bag. When charging keep away from flammable areas such as but not limited to wood floors and carpets. Do not mix new and used batteries or different brands. Do not replace batteries with non-approved units. Keep away from high heat, direct sunlight, cold temperatures, humidity and water. Do not leave unit unattended while charging anytime or overnight, and do not charge it in your vehicle. Overuse of vaping devices may cause overheating, malfunction, and/or burns or injury. Do not use or charge with non-approved devices.Do not leave charging devices plugged into computers, laptops or wall units when not in use. They may burn or explode with improper use. This product contains Nicotine, a chemical known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. You must be over the legal age in your state to buy or use this product.Nicotine is highly addictive and habit forming. This product is sold purely for recreational purposes - it is not a smoking cessation product and has not been tested as such. If you have a demonstrated allergy or sensitivity to nicotine or any combination of inhalants, consult your physician before using this product. WARNING: This product is intended for use by persons 21 or older, and not by children, women who are pregnant or breast feeding, or persons with or at risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or taking medicine for depression or asthma. ![]() 1/17/2024 0 Comments Forager puzzles 372![]() ![]() It is increasingly clear that patterns of human demography and sociality are interdependent and mutu- ally reinforcing, making it likely that they co-evolved during humans’ evolu- tionary history. Human social relationships-including support from extended family, cooperative pair- bonds between men and women, biparental care, and extensive cooperation between non-relatives-are likewise features that set humans apart from many other primates and mammals. ![]() ![]() The human species is an outlier in terms of demographic characteristics including lifespan, the duration of development, and menopause. These differences suggest that changes in diet have negatively affected Shuar growth and nutrition. Compared to Shuar, colonos were three times less likely to be stunted (OR = 0.33, P < 0.01) and Shiwiar were eight times less likely to be stunted (OR = 0.13, P = 0.01). Using NHANES standards, 41% of male and 38% of female Shuar were classified as stunted, versus 16% of male and 20% of female colonos. Mean weight-for-age z-scores were also negative for Shuar and colono juveniles, while mean BMI-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores were greater than zero for all three groups. Although, for all three groups, mean height-for-age z-scores were negative, Shuar z-scores were significantly lower than either colono or Shiwiar z-scores. We use differences between these populations in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) z-scores to assess the effects of changing subsistence patterns on Shuar growth and nutrition. These include 1,384 indigenous Shuar from the Upano Valley of Ecuador and surrounding areas, 570 nonindigenous colono (or colonist) children from the same area, and 42 Shiwiar from the interior of Ecuador. We describe and compare the growth of three groups of juveniles, aged 0-18, who experience different degrees of market integration and acculturation in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Our results illustrate the importance of transfers in several key domains and suggest that the absence of transfers would greatly increase human mortality rates throughout the life course. Using medical data and ethnographic interviews, we explore several types of common risks experienced by Tsimane forager-horticulturalists, and quantify the types and targets of aid. In conjunction with changes in the age-profile of production, the impacts of resource transfers and other forms of cooperation on reducing mortality likely played an important role in selection on post-reproductive lifespan throughout human evolution. ![]() The use of complex cooperative strategies to minimize risk is a necessary precursor for selecting further reductions in mortality rate in late adulthood. In this paper we highlight the role of resource transfers and non-material assistance within and across generations in shaping low human mortality rates. Although most primates are social, humans are highly cooperative and social in ways that likely co-evolved with the slow human life history. Humans are the longest living and slowest growing of all primates. Here we present cross-cultural evidence that individuals cultivate two other niches, information and tool production, that serve (among other things) to buffer health risk. One such niche that has been well-documented is meat-sharing. We call this phenomenon social niche specialization. We therefore expect that humans have evolved psychological mechanisms motivating the pursuit and cultivation of a difficult-to-replace social role based on the provisioning of a benefit that confers a fitness advantage on its recipients. Individuals in egalitarian foraging bands can provide a number of valuable benefits, such as defense, diplomacy, food, healing, information, technical skill, or trading savvy. Additionally, adaptations are hypothesized to have co-evolved that motivate individuals to attend to and value those who recurrently provide them with important benefits so they are willing in turn to provide costly care when a valued person is disabled or in dire need. Selection pressure from health risk is hypothesized to have shaped adaptations motivating individuals to attempt to become valued by other individuals by generously and recurrently providing beneficial goods and/or services to them because this strategy encouraged beneficiaries to provide costly health care to their benefactors when the latter were sick or injured. ![]() |
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